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Erwin Mill
Erwin Mill was a textile mill in Durham, North Carolina that operated between the years of 1893 and 1986. After seeing the success of other cotton mills in the Northeast and locally in Durham, entrepreneur Benjamin N. Duke incorporated the mill in 1892 and recruited William H. Erwin to manage the enterprise. The mill’s success in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was the result of Erwin’s and his successors’ exceptional management tactics, even when the factory hit obstacles such as the Great Depression and the unionization of its workers. The mill grew quickly in the late 19th century and early 20th century, became one of North Carolina’s largest cotton mills.〔Catherine Bishir and Michael Southern, A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Piedmont North Carolina (The University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 208.〕 It originally produced muslin pouches for tobacco, but the mill would later expand its production to other fabrics, becoming one of the largest producers of denim in the world during the early 1900s.〔 Workers at the mill enjoyed some of the best working conditions and highest wages in textile factories throughout the southern United States. Mill employees would later sign union-friendly labor agreements that were radical to the southern textile industry in the early to mid 20th century.〔“(A Statement by the Erwin Mills ),” Erwin Mills Cotton Company, 1945.〕〔 The establishment of homes, businesses and recreation areas in the mill village was a significant factor in the development of the West Durham, especially the Ninth Street business district and the Old West Durham Neighborhood.〔 Erwin Mill No. 1 is on the National Register of Historic Places and the mill village of West Durham is a National Historic District.〔()〕 An apartment complex, office building and shopping center of the same name that are built on the original site also commemorate the factory.〔
== Background ==
The idea of the Erwin Mill was rooted in the successful textile industry in New England and the Northeast. In the early 1800s, industrialists such as Samuel Slater brought the ideas behind cotton-spinning machines to the United States from England, which allowed the production of textiles on a mass scale.〔John Newman and John Schmalbach, United States History (Amsco School Publications Inc., 2010), 185. 〕 Even though northern cities such as Lowell, Massachusetts were home to the first large textile mills in the 1830s, industrialization and large textile mills reached Southern cities after the Civil War.〔
In the post-war South, subsistence agriculture and the plantation system yielded to more commercialized agriculture, which required less manpower, freeing labor to work in the mills. Many subsistence and yeoman farming families who faced hard times flocked to urban centers in search of work.〔Jacquelyn Hall, James Leloudis, Robert Korstead, Mary Murphy, Lu Ann Jones, Christopher Daly, Like A Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World (The University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 31〕 The construction of complex railroad networks happened simultaneously to the growth of southern cities, making them prime candidates to become centers of industrialization.〔Jacquelyn Hall, James Leloudis, Robert Korstead, Mary Murphy, Lu Ann Jones, Christopher Daly, Like A Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World (The University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 24〕 The growth of cities and infrastructure in the South allowed entrepreneurs open large factories, which took advantage of cheap labor that was rarely under the influence of a union.〔 Many opened textile factories to manufacture the cotton crop that the Southern states had produced for years. By the turn of the century, much of the textile industry had shifted from the Northeastern United States to the South.〔 In 1900, there were 177 mills in North Carolina alone.〔Jacquelyn Hall, James Leloudis, Robert Korstead, Mary Murphy, Lu Ann Jones, Christopher Daly, Like A Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World (The University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 26〕 The industry reached Durham in the 1880s, when Durham businessman Julian Carr opened the Durham Cotton Manufacturing Company to manufacture cloth bags for tobacco.〔Catherine Bishir and Michael Southern, A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Piedmont North Carolina (The University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 201.〕 The mill’s early success confirmed that a textile mill located in Durham or the surrounding area could be successful.〔
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